Part:BBa_K3076100

Coding sequence of metallothioneins (MT) gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum (CgMT)

Description

This part contains the coding sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum metallothionein gene (CgMT). This part was synthesized into pET151 expression vector as an expression construct (BBa K3076803) and then transformed into BL21(DE) E. coli strain. The expression of this part showed a significant increase of copper absorption ability in E. coli and it suits our purpose of creating a bacterial absorbent of metal pollutants in the liquid medium.

Usage and Biology

Metallothioneins (MT) are proteins made of 61-68 amino acids with a small molecular weight. It is found in almost every known organism, from bacteria to humans. Due to this ubiquity, it minimizes the gene toxicity effect when we choose it as the ectopic expression target.

MT contains many cysteine groups which were reported to be responsible for chelating a wide range of metal ions such as cadmium, lead, copper, and mercury, etc. Nevertheless, MT from different species showed different affinity towards different metal ions.

Literature reported that MT protein from Corynebacterium glutamicum (CgMT) shows strong binding affinity towards divalent cations, such as Zn2+ and Pb2+. [1] Since our project used Cu2+ as a model for the metal pollutants, we decided to explore the plausibility of using CgMT to increase the metal accumulation ability of E. coli.

Copper removal assay

The E. coli expressing CgMT was put into copper (II) sulphate-containing medium. The concentration of copper ions in the medium was measured at different time points. API copper testing reagent was used in this assay. The reagent reacts with copper ions and forms brown colour precipitate. We used a colourimeter to measure the absorbance (440nm) of the reagent mixture and calculate the concentration of copper ion by a standard curve. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 2 This standard curve was constructed by using standard solutions of copper (II) sulphate. The absorbance (440nm) of the API reagent and standard solution mixture were measured by colourimeter. The linear equation of the standard curve was then used in other assays to convert the absorbance value into concentration.

We found that when compared with no IPTG induction control group and empty vector control group, the CgMT gene -expressing group removed significantly more copper ions inside the medium after 4 hours of incubation. (Fig. 2) This result indicates CgMT gene expression can effectively increase the copper absorption ability of E. coli and it serves the aim of our project which we tried to increase the metal pollutant removal ability of E. coli.

Fig 2. The CgMT-expressing group removed ~30% of copper ions in the medium when compared with controls removing only ~12 - 15%.

Practical application

Our team developed a Bacterial Copper Adsorption Device (B-CAD) that can utilize the metal absorption property of the E. coli to remove copper in a fish tank or aquaponic tank. The device mainly relies on the differentially permeable property of the dialysis tubing so that the E. coli can be trapped inside of the tubings whereas the metal ions can pass through the membrane freely. (Fig. 3 and 4)

Fig. 3 The design of the B-CAD.

Fig. 4 The mini-version of the B-CAD we constructed.

We tested the device with actual aquaponic water added with copper (II) sulphate. (Fig. 5) Actual aquaponic water contains the nutrients that E. coli needed and no extra nutrient broth is required for the growth of the bacteria. Therefore, in practical situation, the cost of growing our CgMT expressing E. coli would be minimized.

Fig. 5 Testing the copper removal ability by our B-CAD.

The copper removal effects of the B-CAD were studied with different variables. (Fig. 6, 7 and 8) 50 mL of CgMT-expressing E. coli was put into the B-CAD and used to filter 5 L of aquaponic water with copper (II) sulphate added. The results showed that our B-CAD system could remove ~25% and ~38% of the copper inside the water after 24 hours and 48 hours respectively.

Fig. 6 The copper removal effect of B-CAD when hosting different E. coli. The B-CAD system with CgMT-expressing E. coli showed significantly higher efficiency in lowering the copper concentration in the system.

Fig. 7 The efficiency of copper removal of CgMT-expressing E. coli when the pump was on with maximum flow rate (~400 ml/min) compared with the pump was off. This shows that the speed of the flow is an important factor determining the copper removal efficiency.

Fig. 8 The efficiency of copper removal of CgMT-expressing E. coli with different initial copper concentration.

Future work

In this project, we also studied the effect of knocking out copper exporters in E. coli to see if the copper absorption in the organism will be increased. We found that by knocking out cusF gene, the KO strain significantly removed more copper in the medium when compared with the control group. (BBa K3076500) Thus, in the next step, we will combine two modifications together to see if it can further improve our metaL pollutant removal system.

References

[1] Jafarian, V., & Ghaffari, F. (2017). A unique metallothionein-engineered in Escherichia coli for biosorption of lead, zinc, and cadmium; absorption or adsorption? Microbiology, 86(1), 73–81. doi: 10.1134/s0026261717010064

Sequence and Features

Assembly Compatibility:

• 10
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[10]
• 12
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[12]
• 21
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[21]
• 23
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[23]
• 25
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[25]
• 1000
  COMPATIBLE WITH RFC[1000]